1. CAULFEILD ORIGINS
Welcome to the West Vancouver Historical Society’s Walking Tour of the pre-war buildings in the Lower Caulfeild neighbourhood!
To begin, we acknowledge that we are on the traditional, ancestral and unceded territory of the Coast Salish people, specifically the Squamish Nation. We recognize and respect them as nations in this territory, as well as their historic connection to the lands and waters around us since time immemorial.
Lower Caulfeild is one of the earliest housing developments in what would become the District of West Vancouver. Several of the houses you will see today are listed on the District’s heritage registry.
In 1898, Francis Caulfeild, an English scholar, artist and amateur town planner with an intense appreciation for the natural world, arrived in Vancouver after a leisurely tour of Canada. Together with his daughter they boarded Captain Cates' vessel, S.S. Defiance, for an excursion to the lighthouse on the north shore of Burrard Inlet, in what is now Lighthouse Park.
Captain Cates put the Caulfeilds ashore at a nearby sheltered bay called Skunk Cove, soon to be renamed Caulfeild Cove. Their explorations followed animal tracks through the forest and meadows to sandy beaches and unusual rocky outcroppings formed by volcanic eruptions and altered by plate tectonics.
Caulfeild returned to the SS Defiance with a plan for an ideal village as picturesque as those he knew on the south coast of England. Rather than a strict street grid, he wanted to create a traditional, English-style village where houses would be built into the landscape and where a community of neighbours could enjoy nature’s bounty.
In his words:
"To ignore these natural features … in a situation like that of Vancouver where mountains, fiords, rivers and forest exist in profusion, waiting for intelligent use, is a crime against nature and society."
“I will plan a village of good design according to the contours of nature. I will reserve the entire waterfront as a public park for the estate. I will lay the foundations of a village of beauty with wise restrictions."
For the next 25 years, Caulfeild devoted his life to realizing his vision.
Caulfeild had the financial means to make this dream a reality. Within two years, his agent - the eccentric real estate and mining promoter Miss Rosa Leigh Leigh-Spencer - negotiated the purchase of two large properties. These acreages were a landscape of ancient trees, streams, glacial boulders and a vast array of flora and fauna.
The land was purchased from Mr. Balfour Ker with the North Vancouver Land & Improvement Company. This company was the primary real estate enterprise on the North Shore, comprising Ker, John Mahon, his brother Edward, and James Keith. The original owner of the lands was Nils Frolander, a millwright, who acquired it from the Crown under the pre-emption system. Local residents say the purchase price was $22,000. Caulfeild’s first task was to re-name the cove after himself. However, it continued to be known as Skunk Cove among the local residents well into the 1960s.
The streets were created in a winding, English village style which had a charming aesthetic appeal, but it was about much more than aesthetics. Caulfeild believed that streets should follow the contours of the natural landscape, rather than blast through in a straight-lined grid, so he developed the streets with the help of animal paths such as those made by bears, deer and cows. "The cow," he stated, "is always right." Lots in the new subdivision varied in size and shape. Houses were set higgledy-piggledy, along narrow winding lanes, among existing native trees and rock outcrops.
Caulfeild built a pier to receive passengers aboard steam vessels like the S.S. Britannia, and construction material for the houses he intended to build. Floats and ramps were installed so that small boats could access the cove. You’ll see the pier towards the end of the walk.
2. WALKING TOUR SECTION
Distance: 1.75 km Time to complete: 45 minutes to 1 hour
Route: Start and end at the Thornton House, to the left, or west, of St-Francis-in-the-Wood Anglican Church at 4773 Piccadilly South.
TOUR ROUTE
We will explore what has come to be known as Lower Caulfeild, a small area flanked by two creeks, Caulfeild Creek, to the west and Dogwood Creek to the east.
The road called The Dale runs alongside Caulfeild Creek and Dogwood Lane, a tiny street, follows Dogwood Creek. Three streets run east-west between the two creeks: Pilot House Road winds along the coast; The Highway, one street to the north and Piccadilly South, the northern-most street runs from The Dale to Marine Drive.
START AT THE GREEN.
Start at St. Francis-in-the-Wood Church and travel along Piccadilly South towards The Highway. Turn right to see the houses at the north end of The Highway, then continue along Piccadilly South to see the other homes.
Return along Piccadilly South and turn left at Dogwood Lane. Dogwood lane turns into Pilot House Road. Follow it along the waterfront, with a short detour into the south end of The Highway, and return to the Church.
FINISH AT THE GREEN / CHURCH
START OF TOUR
Caulfeild's roads and lanes get crowded in the summer months. Please pay attention and watch for traffic. As we walk, we will talk about the houses.
We’ll begin our tour at the historic Thornton House at 4785 Piccadilly South, possibly one of the first flat-roofed residences in our area when it was built in 1939. It stands next to one of the most spectacular buildings in the whole of West Vancouver – St. Francis-in-the-Wood Anglican Church.
#1 - 4785 Piccadilly South - 1939
Well-known architect Peter Muschamp Thornton with the firm of Gardiner and Thornton designed this strikingly modern home in 1939 for himself. It was one of the first International Style houses, and possibly the first flat-roofed residence built in Metro Vancouver. Thornton's design for the house was widely imitated. The house was purchased by Madame Rungé, proprietor of an exclusive dress shop on South Granville Street.
This heritage listed house is a simple, unornamented structure, with an emphasis on large expanses of glass, and an integration of indoor and outdoor spaces. This house was years ahead of its time and set a precedent for the residential styles that would follow after the end of the Second World War.
Originally, the house was on a larger corner lot that was subdivided in the 1970s and the green house was built on the corner with Water Lane.
#2 - 4773 Piccadilly South - St. Francis-in-the-Wood Anglican church - 1927
This charming and beautiful Anglican church, opened in 1927, is the heart of Lower Caulfeild. Located at 4773 Piccadilly South, the church is the English-traditional-cottage style, with the spreading roof and heavy supporting beams providing a sense of shelter. The heritage listed church was designed by local resident Henry A. Stone and was built on land donated by Francis William Caulfeild. A Chinese labourer by the name of Soo Chow who lived near Caulfeild Cove completed much of the stonework and gardening for the building. His image is recreated in one of the church windows. The large oak tree outside the church is believed to have been planted by Francis Caulfeild himself, who also planted two others at the end of Pilot House Road.
Unfortunately, Caulfeild did not see the church completed. He was in his mid-fifties when he began his monumental creation. After 25 years of labour, he returned to England where he died in London at the age of 94. He left behind a lasting legacy of natural beauty and community.
The church features stained glass windows manufactured in England by Morris & Co that depict the life of St. Francis of Assisi. The St. Francis window above the altar was installed in 1935, the year following Francis Caulfeild's death and dedicated as a memorial to the founder of the community. The window and those which flank it embody the church's devotion to its patron saint, St. Francis of Assisi, and the 12th-century monk's communion with nature.
The side panels were added later in memory of Charles and Julia Henshaw. Julia is recognized today as one of the most famous women in BC history. She was made a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1913 for her work as an explorer and photographer of the wildflowers of BC. Her window shows St. Clare leaving her home of wealth to follow a new unknown path.
The pulpit is a memorial to local soldiers who fell in the Second World War. The interior of the church features oak panels with a ship carved by Francis Caulfeild and donated by his daughter in his memory. The chancel and sanctuary were added in 1938, and the parish hall in 1957.
The first wedding here took place in 1904 under a spreading maple, before the church was completed. Captain Hopcroft and Nancy Grant, the first bride and groom, had a daughter who would be part of the second couple to be married in the church.
In 1946, Reverend William Valentine became the first resident rector of St. Francis. Francis Caulfeild’s dream had been realized. While St. Francis is a parish within the Anglican Church of Canada, Caulfeild wished for this to be an interdenominational church, and all are welcome.
THE GREEN
The grassy open space in front of the church is the Caulfeild village green, where badminton, teas and other sociable activities took place. The land was purchased by residents in the 1940s and donated to West Vancouver as dedicated parkland.
Leading from the green to the church is a lychgate or resurrection gate; a covered gateway found at the entrance to traditional English-style churchyards. The recessed seats on either side would be used by pall bearers or vigil watchers as a resting spot during funerals.
#3 - 4767 Piccadilly South - The Rectory / Matheson - 1940
Next, to the east, we have the heritage listed Rectory at 4767 Piccadilly South, constructed in 1940 as housing for the local priest. Local resident Tom Taylor remembered that his maternal grandfather, Magistrate Mackenzie Matheson, a local lawyer and later a politician, bought the lot in 1912 and built the house in 1940.
It is small, dark brown, and mostly shingle-clad with a wooden staircase that leads up to a small landing. The walls throughout the house are in narrow fir vee-joint, which are formed by cutting complementary V-shaped channels into two pieces of wood, which are then glued together to form a strong, interlocking connection.
After constructing the house largely by himself, Mackenzie Matheson built a summer house as well as an aviary. Matheson was a devoted gardener, an amateur ornithologist, and dog fancier as well.
#4 - 4745 Piccadilly South - Duthie and Legate families - 1924
Continue walking up the hill on Piccadilly South. On your left, you’ll see this house at 4745 Piccadilly South which was constructed in 1924 and owned by the Duthie and Legate families. Cathy Legate, nee Duthie, may have lived in the Caulfeild area longer than any other resident.
The Duthie family was well known for the chain of bookstores founded by Bill Duthie in Vancouver, which operated from 1957 to 2010. The first Duthie’s Books opened on Robson Street near the public library on Burrard Street. The stores were run by his three children – Cathy, Celia, and David – following Bill’s death in 1984.
At its peak, Duthie’s expanded to ten stores throughout the city, but this left the bookseller in poor financial condition. The last store on West 4th Avenue in Vancouver closed in 2010.
#5 - 4732 Piccadilly South - Cameron house - 1924
On your right, at 4732 Piccadilly South, Stuart and Mildred Cameron built this large, imposing heritage listed home in 1924 in the privacy of a rustic English-style landscape. The curving driveway that leads to the house passes by many mature evergreens and shrubs. Set far back from the street, and sited at the crest of a hill, a full water view is offered to this tall estate house. It formerly had a green wood fence with a 'wavy top' surrounding it.
Stuart Cameron was the president of Western Packers Ltd. and later head of his own general contracting firm, which was awarded the contract for the foundations of the north side of the Lions Gate Bridge. The house has undergone significant renovations since it was first constructed.
There were stories in the neighbourhood that the house was haunted, and a local vicar performed an exorcism before new owners moved in.
#6 – 4716 Piccadilly South - 1924
Keep walking and once you reach The Highway, turn right to view three houses situated on a slight ridge overlooking the ocean.
Hidden behind a hedge on the right at 4716 Piccadilly South, this cute blue house on the right was constructed in 1924, like a significant number of the homes in Lower Caulfeild. Not much is known about it, other than a gentleman named Ben Shawman was a long-time resident.
#7 - 4735 The Highway - 1916
On the same side of the street at 4735 The Highway, this 1916 property is a classic Olde Caulfeild arts & crafts home with sweeping views from Lions Gate Bridge, out to UBC and the islands. If you know more about this house, please tell us!
#8 - 4762 The Highway - Resthaven / The Kilby House II, later the Long House - 1924
Resthaven is located at 4762 The Highway, within the Lower Caulfeild Heritage Conservation Area. In many respects, this 1924 heritage listed home and its mature garden exemplify the heritage values and character-defining elements of the Lower Caulfeild neighbourhood.
Cathy Legate from the Duthie family noted that the Kilby sisters were the original property owners, purchasing it directly from Francis Caulfeild. The house was the site of religious services before the church was built. Ratepayers meetings and many garden parties were also hosted here. The house was nominated to the heritage register by the Heritage Strategic Plan Implementation Group in 2008 and was listed in 2014.
From this point, backtrack and head toward Piccadilly South. Turn right at Piccadilly South and walk past Dogwood Lane, after which you can get a good view of a grey home up on a hill on the left side behind a hedge. While we’ll walk to the driveway entry point, the view of the home is actually best from this spot.
As we walk, let’s talk about what access to Lower Caulfeild was like at the turn of the twentieth century. It must be remembered that all access to the land north of Burrard Inlet was by water. There was no road access until the first Second Narrows bridge was built in 1925, later replaced and renamed the Ironworkers Bridge. Infrastructure was non-existent, save for the lighthouse at Point Atkinson. Structures in the area comprised a cabin, a cottage at the head of the cove that housed the resident pilots' boatman and a dock for the pilot boats.
To the west and south, there was wilderness and water. The Great Northern Cannery was a mile to the east. Beyond the Cannery, through the eight miles of timbered lands east to Moodyville in North Vancouver, where there were only a few structures.
#9 - 4699 Piccadilly South - 1908
Stop at 4699 Piccadilly South - you are now standing in front of one of the oldest houses in West Vancouver, and the oldest house in Lower Caulfeild. Built in either 1904 or 1908, it was the former residence of Francis W. Caulfeild. You will be able to see a memorial plaque to Francis Caulfeild erected by a relative on one of the stone pillars on the left side of the driveway entrance.
The original house on the site was constructed in 1898. The story goes that Caulfeild’s wife didn’t like the house, so they moved to 4765 Pilot House Road.
#10 - 4648 Piccadilly South – Stonehaven - 1924
Walk a little further in the same direction, past 4670 Piccadilly South (which we’ll come back to). Walk along the sidewalk on the right side and around a slight bend, and on your right you’ll see the heritage listed house known as Stonehaven, located at 4648 Piccadilly South. It was originally built in 1918 and remodelled in 1924. Set far down on its sloping lot, with a commanding view of the water, this charming Tudor Revival building was the home of Henry A. Stone, a leading Vancouver businessman who was the director of Gault Brothers, a dry goods manufacturing firm.
Stone was also one of the earliest benefactors of the Vancouver Art Gallery; he started the Founder's Fund in 1925 with a gift of $50,000. Actively involved in the community life of Caulfeild, Stone also designed the lychgate (roofed gateway) and original church of St Francis-in-the-Wood.
Among the notable people who have inhabited Caulfield over the years, perhaps the most famous was Sir Thomas Beecham, an English conductor and impresario best known for his association with the London Philharmonic and the Royal Philharmonic orchestras. He and his second wife Betty Humby moved to Caulfeild and rented Stonehaven. They were accompanied by Humby’s teenage son, Jeremy, who would be dispatched each day in a rowboat to the Red and White store in Caulfield Cove to purchase supplies. People who lived in Caulfeild then will tell you that there was always the sound of music coming from Stonehaven. In 1932 Beecham founded the London Philharmonic Orchestra. It was also home to the Anglican Archbishop in the 1960s.
The property has been extensively landscaped with many mature specimen trees, notable among which are the very large Japanese maple in the front yard, and the unusual Camperdown Elm on the water side of the house.
‘Stonehaven' marks the eastern extent of picturesque Piccadilly Road South.
#11 - 4670 Piccadilly South – Greystones - 1926
Return back, along the sidewalk to Greystones at 4670 Piccadilly South. This heritage listed property, built in 1926, was the home of Frederick Buscombe, a local importer of fine china, president of Pacific Coast Lumber Mills, and mayor of Vancouver from 1905 to 1906. This building is gracefully sited, and steps down the contours of its sloping site with an asymmetrically-massed form. Its eclectic style is highlighted with unusual eyebrow dormers and rolled eaves; the mature plantings and stone terraces contribute to the charming character of the building.
The home steps down the contours of the sloping site, and its charming gardens, mature plantings, and stone terraces were included in a West Vancouver 'Gardens Beautiful Tour' in 1939. In 1993, the home was the focus of heated debate, when locals successfully halted a proposal to demolish the home and sub-divide the property.
Keep walking until you come back to Dogwood Lane, and follow it to the left.
It’s a few minutes’ walk to the next heritage home. You can enjoy the spectacular views from Caulfeild Park at a number of viewpoints where you can easily see Vancouver and the Lions Gate Bridge.
The name Pilot House Road is rooted in Caulfeild’s early history. While Burrard Inlet is an excellent natural harbour, the entrance through the First Narrows can be treacherous. All ocean-going vessels entering the Narrows needed a pilot to guide them. From 1879, harbour pilots working in the waters of Burrard Inlet had used the Caulfeild Cove as a base, staying first on board their boat in the adjacent bay (Pilot Cove) and later in a pilot station with a resident boatman, William Grafton.
Caulfeild Cove is where these pilots were picked up. The Pilot Boat Captains erected the “Pilot House” just outside the Cove, which became the Pilots’ home from 1909 to 1920. Caulfeild charged the Pilots $1 a month rental so that the pilots would have no claim on the land. Seven of eight pilots took turns at the pilotage, changing each Monday; the resident pilot ferried them to ships as they were needed.
#12 - 4735 Pilot House Road – Ashton - 1909
Located at 4735 Pilot House Road, the Kilby House 1 is a two-and-a-half storey wood frame building, with two full stories and a partial third story. Built in 1909 as a summer house for the Kilby family, this heritage listed home is one of the oldest remaining buildings in West Vancouver. E.C. Kilby was born in England and was a businessman who owned a hosiery shop on Hastings and Granville in downtown Vancouver.
To the left of the house you’ll see a pedestrian path that connects Pilot House Road with the street called The Highway, where we previously walked. Continue along Pilot House Road with the water to your left.
On the right side on the hill at 4761 Pilot House Road you’ll see the Glen Patterson home with its heritage garden. While it was only constructed in 2003, the garden is outstanding, with extensive rockery, cascading perennials, and unusual shrubs.
Soon after you pass the driveway of the Patterson home, look on the water side past a garbage bin for a large anchor attached to a rock. Francis Caulfeild’s son, Vice-Admiral Wade Caulfeild, had a distinguished career in the Royal Navy. He and his son Toby raised this memorial tribute to Francis Caulfeild.
The anchor from Victoria where it had lain for many years. It is not unlikely that this anchor had been left by one of the "discovery ships", such as those of Don Galiano or Don Valdez in 1790 or more probably by the Discovery or Chatham in command of Captain George Vancouver, when conducting his survey voyage between 1791 and 1795.
Nearby the anchor you’ll see a heritage plaque on the history of the Pilot House. It served as a station and boathouse to house a resident boatman and a rotating team of licensed pilots who guided vessels through the tricky tidal narrows.
#13 - 4763 Pilot House Road - 1928
Around the corner at 4763 Pilot House Road, this house built high on the rocks in 1928 was originally owned by the Grafton family. The Grafton family served as keepers of the Point Atkinson Lighthouse in West Vancouver for decades, with Thomas David Grafton serving from 1910 to 1933, followed by his son, Lawrence Walter Grafton, from 1933 to 1935.
Many years later, in 2012, a heritage alteration permit was granted to the owners in order to demolish the existing older single car detached garage and build a new two car garage with a second floor accessory space.
#14 - 4765 Pilot House Road – Greyrocks - 1924
The next home located at 4765 Pilot House Road is Greyrocks, not to be confused with Greystones, which we encountered earlier. Built in 1924, the original building on the site dates back to 1898 and was situated on the lower lawn. The homes in this area were originally built as cottages with plywood frames, single-pane windows, and no insulation. Some homes in Caulfeild remain close to their original design, while others have been completely redone.
As mentioned earlier, Francis Caulfeild and his wife moved into this house from 4699 Piccadilly South. Mrs. Caulfeild is said to have asked for the house to be moved from the lower lawn to the hill for a better view. It was a smaller house at that time, with the subsequent owners, the Roberts Family, adding a playroom and the driveway.
Both Mrs. Caulfeild and Mrs. Kettle were entrepreneurial and became the primary real estate dealers in the area. The two of them bought and sold most of the properties in the area for several years.
#15 - 4767 Pilot House Road - The Stephens Place - 1924
Elsa Brown was the owner of this house at 4767 Pilot House Road, which was built in 1924. Elsa’s husband was a doctor who worked with Norman Bethune in China. Bethune was a Canadian thoracic surgeon who came to international prominence first for his service as a frontline trauma surgeon supporting the Republican government during the Spanish Civil War, and later supporting the Chinese Communist Party's Eighth Route Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Bethune helped bring modern medicine to rural China, treating both sick villagers and wounded soldiers. Members of the extended Bethune family live in West Vancouver today.
The Brown family lived in the Philippines, where Mrs. Brown and her children were imprisoned during World War Two. When they were released , the family moved to West Vancouver.
#16 - 4768 Pilot House Road - Caulfeild's first house (replaced)
Looking across the street, you’ll see a lone waterfront home at 4768 Pilot House Road. While the current house on this site dates only to 1989, it was formerly the location of the first house built by Francis Caulfeild in 1909. It was later the home of Captain Frank Kettle and Mary Kettle, and then became the Red & White Store, a popular general store for the neighbourhood.
Captain Frank Kettle and his wife, Mary, first came to look after the pilots in 1909. They disposed of their little business at the store in 1918 and upon the closing of the Pilot Station in 1920, they occupied the Pilot House. It was charmingly situated almost surrounded by sea and partly shaded by spreading arbutus trees and vines, and there they still carry on their good works.
The Kettles were called "the grand-parents of the village", loved by all, and closely allied to every new development. So close a bond existed between them and Mr. Caulfeild, that when he eventually deeded the entire park in which the cottage stands to the Municipality of West Vancouver, he made a provision that Mr. and Mrs. Kettle should occupy the cottage as long as they lived.
Later, Hank Sager, proprietor of Sager's Maple Shop and Mayor Mark Sager's father, bought the store and built another house and moved into it. Mark Sager, and his brother were born in this house. [2] [3]
Next to the house you’ll see a pathway by which you can access the Government Pier at Caulfeild Cove. With lack of access by land, the first houses that went up were summer cottages primarily. Every brick, every plank, every hammer, saw and nail was transported to Caulfeild by boat to this pier. Building materials were delivered by hand to the building site, highly inconvenient for any structure larger than a cottage.
Francis Caulfeild attempted several times to establish a regular ferry service to his village. It was a great disappointment to him that no marine transportation service covering the requirements of business men could be maintained.
Continue walking on Pilot House Road and you’ll see a heritage plaque on the water side, focused on Lower Caulfeild.
#17 – 4772 The Highway – 1924
If you still have the energy for a short climb, turn right on The Highway to see this cute house on the right at 4772 The Highway which was built in 1924 and is perhaps best known as the former house of American actress Gillian Anderson. She lived here while filming the TV series The X-Files in the 1990s with husband Clyde Klotz, their daughter Piper, and their dog.
The X-Files filmed its first 5 seasons in Metro Vancouver from 1993 to 1998. The series revolved around FBI Special Agents Fox Mulder, played by David Duchovny, and Dana Scully, played by Gillian Anderson, who investigate "X-Files": unsolved cases involving paranormal phenomena.
West Vancouver featured in the X-Files episode ‘Darkness Falls’, where nearby Lighthouse Park was used for scenes involving forestry cabins.
#18 - 4777 Pilot House Road - Strubin House - 1924
Return back down the hill, turn right on Pilot House Road, and walk past a couple of homes to 4777 Pilot House Road. The previous house on this site, the Strubin House, was constructed in 1924 on 1,400 square metres of view property fronting onto Pilot House Road. The lot was originally a corner one-acre lot with a cottage on the Piccadilly side.
In October 2025, a 113-year-old Vancouver heritage house, the William A. Doctor residence, was shipped by barge to start a new life in West Vancouver. The house was originally located at 5903 Larch Street in Kerrisdale. It was designed and built by Canadian architect William A. Doctor and his Scottish business partner William Fraser Tytler Stewart in 1912. Doctor’s home is unique for being a Canadian-style Arts and Crafts home.
If you are visiting in the summer, the front garden is known for the Giant Gunnera planted prominently in front. The Sturbin’s Swiss gardener received a plant clipping from Queen Elizabeth Gardens in the 1960s, the first of its kind in a private garden. The Strubin’s father put up a sign that said "Beware of Man-eating Plant” but eventually moved it because the sign scared the neighbourhood kids. Since then, West Vancouver has become home to several large specimens of this plant.
Conclusion
From here, we walk straight ahead, back to the St. Francis-in-the-Wood church where we started.
Francis Caulfeild was determined to ensure his community would have perpetual access to the ocean. He donated the village foreshore as a public park. Caulfeild Park and its foreshore (about 1km long) is the largest undeveloped waterfront in West Vancouver, and one of the largest in Metro Vancouver.
The park is historically significant as public access, and ecologically significant: rich with rare vegetation and home to fascinating rock formations. The challenge of bringing building materials by boat slowed the development of houses in the village, but with the introduction of the short-lived PGE railway in 1914, and in the following year, the long-awaited extension of Marine Drive to Caulfeild, the pace picked up. By the 1940s, over 50 homes, many of which you have seen today, had been constructed.
While not all subsequent development has conformed to Caulfeild's vision, many older homes and much of the original charm of Caulfeild remains. This is thanks to the church and the green, the trails and pathways, varieties of mature trees, countless rock walls, and above all, gardens, lovingly tended in a neighbourly community.
Sources: A Short History of Caulfeild Village H.A. Stone
Church and Village, Two Short Histories St.Francis…
Cottages to Community Francis Mansbridge / WVHS
West Vancouver Through the Trees Elspeth Bradbury
The Cow …. Jenny Morgan, NSHPS post
The Beacon March/April 2022 David Roberts and various editions.
Clovelly-Caulfeild Local Area Plan (2006) Carter, DWV